In the course of the Russia-Ukraine war, we have witnessed the widespread use of various types of unmanned aerial vehicles for attack purposes, by both sides. Although the Russians mainly use standard military UAS, including those manufactured by Iran, on the Ukrainian side, unmanned aerial vehicle attacks have mostly been carried out using weaponized civilian drones. As part of the conversion of these UAVs for use in attacks where improvised ammunition is released over the target, standard fuzes have had to be modified to initiate upon impact with the target, while bypassing the fuze’s safety systems (safe and arming.) In the case of an improvised loitering munition, an improvised initiation system must be added to the UAV itself. The disabling of the safety and safe arming systems of standard fuzes, and the addition of improvised initiation systems, can expose combat soldiers, and especially bomb disposal technicians, to many dangers in the event of finding such an item in a UXO state, due to the great sensitivity of the systems and types of standard fuzes used.
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