Since mid-2023, and until as recently as October 2023, Russian forces have been documenting improvised loitering munition payloads used by Ukrainian forces in Ukraine, all fitted with printed circuit boards serving as initiation systems. The payloads are of different configurations – many include copper hollow charge liners and all have PCB-based initiation systems. The PCB includes a piezo sensor, a microcontroller, transistors and other components, and are intended to serve as a fool-proof mechanism, aimed at improving the performance and effectiveness of weaponized UAVs used by Ukrainian forces along the frontline.
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