On February 28, 2026, Israel and the United States launched coordinated strikes against multiple targets inside Iran as part of a joint campaign designated Operation Roaring Lion by Israel, and as Operation Epic Fury by the United States.
In response, Iran initiated a series of retaliatory strikes under the name Operation True Promise IV, during which it launched ballistic missiles toward targets in Israel and Gulf states. A significant portion of the missiles fired toward Israeli cities were equipped with cluster warheads carrying dozens of submunitions. These strikes resulted in extensive damage and multiple casualties in densely populated urban areas, while also posing a substantial challenge to Israeli air defense systems and to response forces tasked with locating and neutralizing unexploded ordnance.
In parallel, Hezbollah joined the fighting on March 2, 2026, launching rockets carrying cluster munitions toward cities and communities in northern Israel.
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